Starting from tax year 2024, large-scale corporate groups’ excess profit is subject to a minimum tax rate of 15%, regardless of the constituent entities’ country of location. The effective tax level is considered country by country. If the effective tax rate in a country where a constituent entity is located is less than 15%, the minimum tax rate is achieved by imposing an additional amount of tax, i.e. a top-up tax. The top-up tax is imposed as a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMTT) of a low-taxed country, or it is imposed based on the Income Inclusion rule (IIR) of the parent entity’s country or the Undertaxed Profits rule (UTPR) of countries where other constituent entities are located.