Authorised Intermediary’s responsibilities and liabilities

This is an unofficial translation. The official instruction is drafted in Finnish and Swedish languages.

This guidance discusses the responsibilities and liabilities of intermediaries registering into the Finnish Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries as per Section 10d of the Act on the Taxation of Non-residents’ Income, with respect to tax-at-source on dividends paid by publicly listed companies to non-resident taxpayers.

The guidance was updated on 23.3.2023, when references to the Tax Administration’s detailed guidances Withholding tax at source on dividends, interest and royalties, and the payor’s obligations and Tax at source procedure applied to a non-resident taxpayer’s income and a key employee’s wage income were added to it. Clarifications added to sections 2.4, 3.1.1, 3.2.2, 3.5.4, 4.3.1, 6.1, 6.3, 8.3 and 9.2 and updated a change in legislation on tax increases in section 8.2.2.

Explanatory note for the English version

In this guidance, the term 'dividend beneficiary' refers to the shareholder (the owner of the shares), who has the right to the dividend on the record date according to the Finnish Companies Act (Osakeyhtiölaki, 624/2006). The term ‘beneficial owner’ refers to the beneficiary entitled to the dividend in accordance with the tax treaty between Finland and the beneficiary's country of residence.

Please note, that in this guidance the term Contractual Intermediary is not identical with the Contractual Intermediary role as referred to in the TRACE IP. Instead, in this guidance the term refers to 'unregistered intermediary' i.e. an intermediary that is not registered as an Authorised Intermediary. This includes also those unregistered intermediaries who do not offer any tax relief at source services. Read more on the role of Contractual Intermediaries and other service providers in Chapter 7 of this guidance.

1 Foreword

Provisions of the Act on the Taxation of Non-residents’ Income (627/1978, from here onwards referred to as the ‘Tax at Source Act’), the Act on Assessment Procedure (1558/1995) and the Act on the Public Disclosure and Confidentiality of Tax Information (1346/1999) were amended on 12 April 2019 (Government proposal HE 282/2018 vp). The provisions came into force on 1 January 2021. This guidance is applied to intermediaries registered into the Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries.

The guidance discusses the intermediaries’ application for entry into the Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries along with the responsibilities, liabilities and other legal effects resulting from the registration. This guidance goes through the provisions of Section 10b-e of the Tax at Source Act. The provisions of Section 15e of the Act on Assessment Procedure and Section 9 of the Act on the Public Disclosure and Confidentiality of Tax Information has also been taken into account in this guidance.

An Authorised Intermediary (later ‘AI’) means an intermediary entered into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries maintained by the Finnish Tax Administration, referred to in Section 10d of the Tax at Source Act. Application into the register is voluntary and has been possible from the 1st of July 2020 onwards.   

In this guidance, an issuer (later also payor) means a Finnish publicly listed company referred to in Section 33a of the Income Tax Act that has issued a security. In Finland, the issuer is responsible for withholding and paying the tax at source on dividends. The liabilities and responsibilities of an AI apply to a dividend paid by such a company to a nominee-registered share, the beneficiary of which is a non-resident taxpayer in Finland.

The Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries came into force on 1 January 2021, when the Custodian Register and its legal effects were discontinued. All intermediaries registered in the Custodian Register must separately register into the Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries if they wish to operate as Authorised Intermediaries. Finnish intermediaries can also apply for registration into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries.

2 The Register of Authorised Intermediaries

2.1 Requirements for registration

Registration into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries is voluntary for intermediaries, and intermediaries must register on their own initiative. Only those intermediaries who meet the following criteria for registration laid down in Section 10d, subsections 1 and 2 of the Tax at Source Act may be entered into the Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries:

1. the right to conduct custody activities under the Act on Investment Services (747/2012), the Act on the Book-Entry System and Settlement Activities (348/2017), the Act on Book-Entry Accounts (827/1991) or the Act on Securities Accounts (750/2012), or under corresponding foreign legislation;
2. a permit issued by the competent authority of its country of residence to perform custodial activities, and is under the supervision of said authority; and
3. a domicile within the European Union or in a country with which Finland has a treaty for the avoidance of double taxation. A branch acting as an intermediary located in such a country and covered by the regulations in question may also register into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries.
4. a common information exchange standard or Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) regulations are applied to the intermediary along with other legislation based on which the intermediary is obligated to identify its customers and their country of residence for tax purposes.

Custodial activities refers to the holding of securities in custody on behalf of a customer based on an agreement. Intermediaries can be credit institutions, investment service companies and central securities depositories, for example.

In practice, the applicant may prove it meets the requirements of custodial activities by presenting a copy of a licence or permit to conduct custodial activities issued by an authority of their country of residence. If the applicant is an intermediary licensed in Finland and registered in the public register maintained by the Financial Supervisory Authority, a copy of the licence does not need to be attached to the application.

The intermediary must be obligated under the legislation of its country of residence to comply with the common information exchange standards, which are the OECD’s Common Reporting Standard (CRS) and the EU’s so-called DAC2 Directive (Council Directive 2014/107/EU). Alternatively, the intermediary must be obligated to comply with the AML and KYC regulations, as well as other legislation of its country of residence that impose an obligation to identify the customer and their country of residence for tax purposes. As an example, the FATCA legislation of the United States can be deemed to fulfil this requirement.

In practice, being accepted into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries therefore requires that the applicant’s home country must be an EU country, a country committed to CRS, or the United States of America. If the domicile of an intermediary is elsewhere, but it has a branch that is located in one of the aforementioned countries and is bound by investigation and identification obligations, that branch can register into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries. A branch applying to the register must also have a licence and the right to conduct custodial activities. Those main companies and branches that fulfil the necessary requirements can apply for registration separately and act as separate AIs. A so-called group registration is not possible.

According to Section 10d(3) of the Tax at Source Act, an intermediary applying for registration must, when applying for entry into the register, provide the information required in the keeping of the register, a statement that it fulfils the statutory requirements for registration, and its contact information. The required attachments are described in the filling instructions for Application for entry in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries.

2.2 Registration

Application into the Register is done by filling the Application for entry in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries (pdf) and providing the required attachments requested in the application. For more information on filling the application and sending it to the Tax Administration, see Application for entry in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries, instructions. The registration form is sent to the Tax Administration by post or secure email. A decision of the registration, subject to appeal, will be sent to the intermediary by post. The applicant will be entered into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries no earlier than the date of issue of the registration decision; the applicant may also state the desired entry date on the registration form.

When entered into the register, each AI will be assigned an individual Business Identity Code (Finnish Business ID), if the AI does not already have one. Thus, for example the main company and branch are assigned their own individual Finnish Business IDs if both apply for entry into the register. The ID and the AI’s other public information are published in the public Register of Authorised Intermediaries on the vero.fi website. Being assigned a Finnish Business ID alone does not form a permanent establishment in Finland or extend the AI’s tax liability in Finland.

2.3 Refusal of entry into the register

An intermediary may be refused entry into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries if the registration requirements laid down in Section 10d are not fulfilled or, based on its prior negligence, the intermediary can be assumed to neglect the responsibilities of an intermediary referred to in Sections 10b and 10c or fail to pay the taxes imposed to it (Section 10e(2) of the Tax at Source Act).

The Tax Administration refuses entering the applicant into the register, if the applicant does not fulfil the requirements for registration required by law. For example, a missing licence to conduct custodial activities prevents registration into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries. The applicant also cannot be entered into the register if the intermediary is unable to provide the proof that it fulfils the registration requirements as required by law.

If, based on its prior neglect, the intermediary can be assumed to neglect its responsibilities as an AI or fail to pay the taxes imposed to it, the intermediary can be refused entry into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries. This kind of prior negligence could be, for example, tax debt, prior neglect to report, other negligence in relation to tax responsibilities in Finland or discovered fraudulent activities. 

When the negligence is assessed, it is taken into consideration that the branches and the main company are one legal person. Substantial errors by branches can therefore prevent the main company’s registration, as can substantial errors by the main company prevent the registration of its branches. 

If the Tax Administration considers that an applicant cannot be registered, the applicant is always reserved an opportunity to give an explanation. The applicant is given the reasons preventing its registration. The applicant will not be entered into the register unless the negligent actions are rectified within the deadline or an explanation is presented based on which the applicant can be registered. An intermediary that is not registered into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries will receive a written decision on the registration, with enclosed appeal instructions.

The intermediary itself has the possibility to withdraw its registration application, in which case the Tax Administration will not enter the intermediary into the register and will not give a separate decision on this. The intermediary may nevertheless apply for registration again later if they wish.

2.4 Changes in registration information

At the time of registration, the intermediary must have given the required information for registration and their contact information. The AI must always report any changes in this information with the notification of changes and termination form (pdf).

When an intermediary is registered, it must ensure that the information it provided to the Tax Administration during registration or after it is always up to date. The up-to-date character of the public information in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries, such as the name and address of the AI, is the responsibility of the AI. Furthermore, an AI must notify without delay any changes in its business that affect the fulfilment of its registration requirements. These include any essential changes in the company structure or the termination of a licence.

In merger and demerger situations, the registration cannot usually be transferred to another legal person. Instead, the AI subject to business reorganisation must apply for de-registration and the receiving intermediary must re-apply for registration. In business reorganisation situations, it is recommended that the Tax Administration be contacted in good time.

2.5 De-registration and its effects

2.5.1 Reasons for de-registration

According to Section 10e of the Tax at Source Act, the Tax Administration must remove an intermediary from the Register of Authorised Intermediaries if

1. the intermediary requests so;
2. the registration requirements laid down in Section 10d are no longer fulfilled;
3. the intermediary’s administrative errors or other minor errors have repeatedly led to taxes being withheld incorrectly of have led to information being reported incorrectly; or
4. the intermediary neglects its responsibilities under Section 10c of the Tax at Source Act or Section 23b of the Act on Assessment Procedure in a manner other than that described in subsection 3, or fails to pay the taxes imposed on it.

An intermediary entered into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries can request to be removed from the register with a notification of changes and termination form (pdf), after which the Tax Administration will remove the intermediary from the register no earlier than the date of the decision or a later date requested by the customer.

The AI has the responsibility to inform, if such changes in their operations or circumstances take place, that may have effect on fulfilment of the registration requirements. The Tax Administration will remove the intermediary from the register, if the registration requirements are no longer fulfilled in the manner referred to in item two.

An AI must be removed from the register in accordance with item three if the AI’s administrative errors or other minor errors have repeatedly resulted in incorrect withholding of taxes or reporting of information, and the AI does not correct the errors even after being notified. Such errors include submitting deficient reports. According to the reasoning of the Government proposal, the requirements for removal are fulfilled when the extent and frequency of such errors impair the reliability of reporting or cause an abnormally large amount of costs to the Tax Administration (HE 282/2018 vp, p. 40).

The Tax Administration may also find that the information received from the AI is otherwise unreliable. This kind of a situation could occur when an AI’s repeated violation of the responsibility to take reasonable measures has resulted in the repeated incorrect or unfounded withholding of taxes, and the errors have not been properly rectified. These kind of actions usually lead to removal from the Register of Authorised Intermediaries.

Taxation reporting negligence in accordance with the previously referred item four occurs when, for example, an AI fails to submit or submits a substantially incorrect AI’s annual information return, and does not correct the incorrect return accordingly when prompted. It can also be considered negligence if the AI gives misleading or incorrect information to the Tax Administration’s request for an explanation or as an agent for a tax refund application. An AI can also be removed from the register if it has been an active party in tax evasion arrangements. 

As per Section 23b of the Act on Assessment Procedure, an AI must provide and present for review the information it possesses on, for example, the payment of dividends and the investigation and identification of the customer. The materials that must be presented for review are described in more detail in Chapter 3.3. If an AI refuses to present the materials or otherwise neglects these responsibilities, it can be removed from the register. For example, the inadequate storage of materials for review related to the responsibility to take reasonable measures may constitute such negligence. 

Neglect in relation to tax liability in accordance with item four occurs when taxes are imposed on an AI due to under-withholding, and the AI does not pay the taxes imposed on it even after being notified. An AI’s taxation-related negligence is assessed as a whole in such a manner that leaving also other taxes unpaid may result in removal from the register.

An AI will not be removed from the register due to unpaid taxes, if the tax debt has been approved into a payment arrangement of the Tax Administration, or the collection of the tax has been suspended under a prohibition or interruption of enforced recovery decision. A prohibition or interruption of enforced recovery decision is possible for taxes, for which the matter in question is under appeal.

In case of serious negligence, where the AI does not correct its actions despite being notified to do so, the Tax Administration may remove from the register both the AI that neglected its obligations and its branch or main company.  

2.5.2 Hearing and removal decision

If an AI is removed from the register for a reason other than its own request, the AI is reserved an opportunity to give an explanation before the removal from register (Section 10e (3) of the Tax at Source Act). The AI is sent a request for explanation, in which the AI is always given opportunity to correct the errors and give their explanation in the matter by the deadline stated in the letter. The request for explanation includes the time from which the intermediary will be removed from the register and itemised occurrences of neglect causing the removal. The AI will not be removed from the register if it rectifies the errors related to reporting or payment of taxes or, when it is found, based on the response of the AI, that there are no grounds for removal from the register.

If the AI does not provide a reliable explanation or rectify its errors, the AI is removed from the register. An intermediary that is removed from the register will be sent a decision on the registration issue, with appeal instructions enclosed. An AI will not be retroactively removed from the register due to negligence.

2.5.3 Effect of de-registration

An intermediary removed from the register loses its right to operate as an AI and cannot assume tax liability for any dividend payment information it transmits as of its removal from the register. However, the intermediary’s tax liability remains for the dividend payment information for which it has been responsible for while it was still in the register.  This being the case, the intermediary must submit an annual information return of these dividends, even if it is no longer registered.

2.6 Re-registration

An intermediary removed from the register can be re-registered upon application. If the removal from the register was due to negligence, the intermediary may apply to be entered into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries after the negligence that constituted the grounds for removal has been rectified and the intermediary shows no new occurrences of negligence. In practice, the intermediary must prove that changes have taken place in its operations and prove reliably that such negligence of responsibilities will not be repeated. Such proof could constitute for example, paying the intermediary’s tax debt and rectifying their other negligence that led to removal from the register in the first place.

Re-registration is done with the registration form, and the intermediary may be entered into the register no earlier than on the date of the issues of the registration decision.

If an intermediary has been removed from the register because the registration requirements under Section 10d of the Tax at Source Act were no longer fulfilled, the intermediary may re-apply for registration once the requirements are fulfilled. The intermediary must then fill the registration form and prove the fulfilment of the registration requirements in the manner described in Chapter 2.2. If, according to the application and its up-to-date attachments, the requirements are fulfilled, the Tax Administration will enter the intermediary back into the register no earlier than on the date of the issue of the registration decision or on the date separately requested by the applicant.

2.7 Public information in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries

The public information in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries is defined in Section 9 of the Act on the Public Disclosure and Confidentiality of Tax Information, according to which the following information in the Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries is public: the organisation’s name, its Finnish Business ID and corresponding foreign identifier, country of residence, address and the validity period of the register entry.

The validity period of the register entry includes the start and end dates of the registration, i.e. the public information also includes the ended registrations in addition to the currently valid ones. In the registration form, the public address information is separately requested.

The publicity of the information in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries is specifically defined in the law, and the publicity is limited to the aforementioned information. All other information concerning the registration of an intermediary is confidential under the Act on the Public Disclosure and Confidentiality of Tax Information.

The public Register of Authorised Intermediaries can be found at the address http://www.vero.fi/en. The public information in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries allows dividend payors and intermediaries to check whether a certain intermediary, to whom the dividend has been given to be transferred, is registered in the Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries on the dividend payment date. 

3 Responsibilities arising from registration

3.1 Responsibility to investigate and verify

3.1.1 General information on the taxation at source procedure

The Tax at Source Act is applied in tax withholding to situations where the dividend beneficiary is a non-resident taxpayer (Section 1(1) of the Tax at Source Act). The Prepayment Act is applied in tax withholding to resident taxpayers in Finland. The company paying dividend has a requirement to report information on the dividends paid to tax resident beneficiaries in Finland and the preliminary withholdings from those dividends. If a customer of an AI is a resident taxpayer in Finland and receives dividends from a Finnish company, the AI must report information on the dividend beneficiary to the dividend payor.

If the AI has identified the dividend beneficiary as a resident taxpayer in Finland but cannot deliver the beneficiary’s identifying information to the dividend payor, 50 per cent preliminary withholding tax must be withheld from the dividend. More information can be found in the Tax Administration’s guidance How to withhold tax on dividends paid to a Finnish tax resident shareholder when the underlying shares are nominee-registered.

The Tax at Source Act is applied only if the provisions concerning the taxation of income or assets laid down in a tax treaty or another international convention in which Finland is a party do not provide otherwise (Tax at Source Act, Section 1(3)). In the application of a tax treaty, the beneficial owner means the beneficiary entitled to the dividend in accordance with the tax treaty between Finland and the beneficiary’s country of residence.

When a non-resident taxpayer receives dividend income from Finland, the final tax at source is withheld from the income in connection with the payment; as a rule, the tax rate is (Tax at Source Act, Section 7):

• 20% if the income recipient is a corporate entity
• 30% if the income recipient is a natural person or other than a corporate entity
• 35% if, at the time of payment, there is no identifying information on the beneficiary.

According to Section 10b of the Tax at Source Act, the dividend provisions of an international treaty may be applied if the dividend payor or the intermediary closest to the dividend beneficiary who at the time of the dividend distribution is registered in the Finnish Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries, has taken reasonable measures to determine the beneficiary’s country of residence and to verify that the dividend provisions can be applied to the beneficiary (Section 10b(2) of the Tax at Source Act). The AI reports the amount of tax at source to the dividend payor for withholding.

This means that the lower tax at source rate under a tax treaty can be applied at the time of payment in situations where the beneficiary has been carefully identified and it has been verified that the beneficiary is eligible for the tax treaty benefits. If the beneficiary cannot be identified with certainty or it cannot be verified that the beneficiary is actually eligible for the tax treaty benefits, the tax treaty benefits cannot be granted at the time of the payment. The requirements for reasonable measures as per Section 10b of the Tax at Source Act are applied when a publicly listed company pays dividend to a nominee-registered share.

On dividend paid to a non-resident, a tax lower than 35 per cent can be withheld only if the identity information on the dividend beneficiary can be submitted to the Tax Administration on an annual information return. If the payor or the AI does not have access to the information on the beneficiary referred to in Section 15e of the Act on Assessment Procedure, the payor must withhold 35% tax at source from the dividend paid to a nominee-registered share under Section 7(2) of the Tax at Source Act.

This kind of a situation would occur when, at the time of the dividend payment, the AI does not have access to the beneficiary’s tax residence information, including information on the beneficiary being a resident taxpayer in Finland. Tax at source at the rate of 35% must also be withheld in a situation where the beneficiary has not agreed to the disclosure of their information. If the identity information on the dividend beneficiary is delivered to the AI during the year of the dividend payment, the withholding of tax at source can be corrected until the end of the year of the dividend payment as described in the Chapter 3.5.

Tax at source at the rate of 30 per cent can be withheld, if identifying information on the dividend beneficiary is available to the AI, but there is not enough information to ensure that a tax treaty can be applied. If the dividend beneficiary has been identified as a corporate entity, the rate of 20 per cent tax-at-source can be withheld.

Tax at source benefits can also be granted at the time of payment on the basis of national legislation. In such situations, it is required that before paying out the dividend the AI ensures that the requirements of the national legislation in question are fulfilled. If the dividend beneficiary does not provide evidence of the fulfilment of the requirements, the tax at source benefits cannot be granted.

In ambiguous and unclear situations tax at source benefits must not be granted, instead tax at source in accordance with the Section 7 of the Tax at Source Act must be withheld. The AI can assess and determine either on a per beneficiary or per payment basis, whether it has sufficient certainty so that the tax at source benefits can be granted to the dividend beneficiary. The applied tax at source rate must always be based on national legislation or an international agreement, and no other tax rate can be applied.

If the dividend beneficiary presents after the time of payment and before the end of the taxation year a tax-at-source card, an advance ruling regarding the matter or other sufficient information on the fulfilment of the criteria for applying the tax treaty or national legislation, the payor can correct the self-assessed tax return and the over withholding may be returned to the beneficiary. Alternatively, the beneficiary can apply for a tax refund after the payment year through the refund procedure. More information on applying tax at source cards and tax at source refunds is available in the Finnish Tax Administration’s instructions Tax at source procedure applied to a non-resident taxpayer’s income and a key employee’s wage income.

For more information about the requirements for applying tax at source rates in accordance with Section 7 of the Tax at Source Act and tax at source benefits based on national legislation, see Withholding tax at source on dividends, interest and royalties, and the payor’s obligations.

3.1.2 Investigation and identification of the dividend beneficiary

Tax treaty benefits can be granted to a customer of an intermediary registered in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries if the AI, in accordance with Section 10b of the Tax at Source Act, investigates and identifies the beneficiary, reliably determines the beneficiary’s country of residence for tax purposes, and verifies that the dividend regulations of the international treaty can be applied to the beneficiary (Section 10c(1) of the Tax at Source Act).

A tax at source card issued by the Finnish Tax Administration, a certificate issued by the tax authority of the beneficiary’s country of residence, or an Investor Self-Declaration (ISD) that indicates the beneficiary’s information necessary for the levying of tax at source, can be deemed a reasonable measure to determine the beneficiary’s country of residence. The ISD must be sufficiently reliably documented and consistent with the other information on the dividend beneficiary possessed by the AI (Tax at Source Act, Section 10b(4)).

If the reasonable measures are performed on the basis of a tax at source card or certificate of residence presented by the dividend beneficiary, the AI must ensure before paying out the dividend, that the person presenting the tax-at-source card or certificate of residence is the beneficial owner of the dividend in accordance with the relevant tax treaty.

The Finnish Tax Administration has issued a decision on the contents and period of validity of the Investor-Self Declaration, and the procedure with which its reliability is verified. The AI must verify the reliability of the ISD in accordance with the decision and the guidance related to said decision: The contents, period of validity and verifying the reliability of the Investor Self-Declaration.

An AI may use a service provider for the investigation and identification of a beneficiary. However, the use of a service provider does not affect the AI’s responsibility; the responsibility for taking reasonable measures remains with the AI.

3.1.3 Collection and retention of dividend payment information

One requirement for granting tax treaty benefits is that the information required for verifying the correct tax at source and the reliability of the ISD can be delivered to the Tax Administration. The AI must then ensure that it can collect, process, store and disclose to the Tax Administration the information on the dividend beneficiary, and that it can provide the additional information necessary for the verification of the correctness of the information, regardless of any other relevant legislation, regulations or agreements. The AI must ensure that the necessary information can be provided, regardless of data protection legislation or bank secrecy.

An AI must retain the information listed in the Section 23b of the Act on Assessment Procedure (see the Chapter 3.3) for six calendar years from the beginning of the next year following the dividend payment year (Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes 768/2016, Section 28). The information can be stored in an electronic format in such a manner that it can be delivered to the Tax Administration when necessary. The stored materials can also be in the possession of a service provider. However, the AI must ensure that the information can be provided to the Tax Administration when necessary. The responsibility for retaining the materials from the time of registration remains also after a removal from the register.  

3.2 The general requirement to report information

3.2.1 General

Section 10c(1) of the Tax at Source Act obligates the AI to submit annual information returns on dividends referred to in Section 15e of the Act on Assessment Procedure. The general information reporting requirement applies to the identity information on the dividend beneficiaries for which the AI has assumed responsibility and to the information on dividend transferred at the time of the payment. 

The identity information on dividend beneficiaries that the AI is responsible for consists of both information on the beneficiaries in direct customer relationship with it, and customers of a Contractual Intermediary (CI) for whose identity information it has assumed responsibility. The AI who is closest to the investor, and who has assumed responsibility for the identity information of the dividend beneficiary, reports the amount of tax at source to be withheld ahead in the chain, and submits the identity information on the beneficiary to the Tax Administration on an annual information return. That AI is also responsible for the correctness of said information. By reporting tax at a lower tax rate in accordance with a tax treaty, the AI commits to submitting the identity information of the beneficial owner to the Tax Administration.

According to Section 15e(1) of the Act on Assessment Procedure, the identity information on the dividend beneficiaries for which the AI is responsible comprise the amounts of dividends paid and tax at source withheld, identifying information such as the name, date of birth, address in the country of residence, Tax ID in the country of residence – if they are issued in the country in question – and the legal form of legal persons. Additionally, the beneficiary’s country of residence for tax purposes, home address and other information in accordance with the annual information return must be reported.

According to the same provision, information given on those dividends transferred at the time of the payment must include the identifying information of those AIs whose dividend payment information the AI has forwarded in the custody chain to be further reported to the payor. This information must also include an itemisation of the forwarded information on the dividend amounts and the taxes withheld.

The Tax Administration has issued a decision on the general requirement to report information and Section 40(1) of the decision limits the obligation to report information as referred in Section 15e of the Act on Assessment Procedure so that the AI is not obligated to report the identifying information of the AI to whom the dividend information was forwarded.

3.2.2 Reporting

An AI must submit an annual information return electronically in the manner described in the Technical guidance on Authorised Intermediary’s annual information return. As per the Government proposal, the annual information return is submitted using an electronic data transfer method with the OECD’s TRACE Schema (HE 282/2018 vp, p.22).

Upon registration into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries, an AI will be issued a Finnish Business ID unless it already has one; due to, for example, already being a resident taxpayer in Finland or having a permanent establishment in Finland. The ID must be used in all business with the Tax Administration, as the AI is identified in the Tax Administration’s register based on the ID. The Authorised Intermediary’s annual information return can also be submitted by a service provider such as the dividend payor, another intermediary or an account operator, on behalf of the AI. The return must always be submitted in the name of the AI and with the AI’s Finnish Business ID.

An AI’s annual information return is only used to report dividends paid by Finnish publicly listed companies to nominee-registered shares, the beneficiaries of which are non-resident taxpayers in Finland. The AI reports the identity information on dividend beneficiaries and the information on transferred dividends directly to the Tax Administration. The annual information return must include information on both dividends for which tax at source benefits were granted, and on dividends of which tax at source was withheld in accordance with Section 7 of the Tax at Source Act (20%, 30% and 35%). For dividends that were transferred to another AI, and for which this other AI assumed responsibility for, only the information on transferred dividends as described above in section 3.2.1 is reported.

As a rule, the AI closest to the dividend beneficiary reports dividends from which 35% tax at source has been withheld and information about any CI on its annual information return. By reporting the dividends and the 35% tax at source withheld from them, the AI indicates to the Tax Administration that it has not assumed tax liability for the dividends in question. In this case, the dividend payor or the AI closest to it reports the dividends transferred to the AI in question on its annual information return.

On its annual information return, an AI only gives information on dividends paid and tax at source regarding non-resident taxpayers. Information on dividends paid to Finnish resident taxpayers are given by the dividend payor on its own annual information return. For more information about reporting annual information, see the Tax Administration’s instructions Reporting annual information on dividends paid to nominee-registered shares.

If an AI does not assume responsibility for the identity information on dividend beneficiaries, or does not forward dividend payment information, the AI must still submit an annual information return as a so called nil return to the Tax Administration. For more detailed information on the information submitted in a nil return, see the Technical guidance on Authorised Intermediary’s annual information return.

In accordance with the Tax Administration’s decision on the general requirement to report information, an Authorised Intermediary’s annual information return is submitted annually by the end of January for the previous calendar year. The Tax Administration must receive the annual information return by the deadline. In individual cases and for a special reason, the Tax Administration may, upon application, grant an extension to the deadline for submitting the annual information return.

The dividend beneficiary has as an interested party the right to receive information from the Tax Administration on the documents concerning their own taxation, which concerns also the information of the beneficiary given on an annual information return.

3.3 Special requirement to report information and right of inspection

According to Section 10c of the Tax at Source Act, an AI must, at the request of the Tax Administration, provide or present for review the information referred to in Sections 19 and 23b of the Act on Assessment Procedure. An AI’s requirement to report only applies to the dividend payment information the AI has assumed responsibility for. The registration does not add or eliminate any other tax-related requirements to inform than the requirement to inform related to the AI’s liabilities and responsibilities described in this guidance. 

According to Section 23b of the Act on Assessment Procedure, an AI must, at the request of the Tax Administration, provide and present for review based on the identifying information of a dividend transaction, dividend beneficiary or payor, the information it possesses of the mechanisms, procedures, documents and other information based on which it fulfilled the beneficiary investigation, identification, determination, verification and reporting obligations referred to in Sections 10b and 15e of the Act on Assessment Procedure and in Section 4a of the Prepayment Act with respect to the dividend payment information and dividend beneficiaries for which it has assumed responsibility.

Section 19 of the Act on Assessment Procedure lays down provisions on the special requirement of third parties to report information, based on which everyone must disclose information necessary for the taxation of another taxpayer if the Tax Administration requests so. The Tax Administration specifies the requested information in such a manner that the party under the obligation to inform can provide it. The Finnish Tax Administration may request an AI to provide such information for example in connection to a refund application, with which can be verified that dividends have been paid to the beneficiary and tax at source withheld according to the application, in a situation where the AI has assumed responsibility for the dividend payment information in question or forwarded the dividend payment information.

3.4 Responsibility to provide information to the payor

According to Section 10c(1) of the Tax at Source Act, an AI must, upon request, provide the dividend payor with the information necessary for the dividend payor to fulfil its tax-related obligations.

The dividend payor has secondary responsibility for the withholding of the tax at source in the correct amount and is required to report the dividends it has paid. For this reason, the AI is obligated under the provision to provide, upon request, the payor with the necessary information with respect to the payor’s secondary tax liability for the tax at source. The Tax at Source Act does not require that the AI disclose any other information related to share ownership to the payor, nor does the act define at which stage or in what manner the information necessary for withholding tax at source must be delivered to the payor.

Dividend payors are also entitled to receive information on dividend-related information submitted to the Tax Administration under the provisions on parties’ right of access in Section 11(1) of the Act on the Openness of Government Activities (621/1999) insofar as they can affect or can have affected the assessment of the dividend payor’s taxation. In practice, a dividend payor is entitled to receive information on the dividend beneficiary from the Tax Administration to the extent that is necessary for its own taxation, even if the dividend beneficiary information were submitted by an AI. The payor may only use the information obtained on these grounds for fulfilling its own tax obligations.

3.5 Correcting tax withholding and errors

3.5.1 General

If the AI notices an error in the information it has forwarded or in the information it has submitted in the annual information return, it must correct the error on its own initiative without delay. The means for correction are determined depending on whether the correction has been noticed during the payment year or after.    

If the error is noticed during the payment year, the AI cannot correct the error directly to the Tax Administration, because the dividend payor is responsible for withholding tax at source and paying it to the Tax Administration. Under withholding must be corrected during the payment year through the payor with the procedure described in the Chapter 3.5.2 of this guidance. The payor must submit the self-assessed tax return for the month of the payment and correct the error in the tax return.

If during the payment year the AI receives an explanation according to which the beneficiary is entitled to tax at source benefits and tax may be withheld according to a tax rate lower than was originally applied, tax withholding can be corrected during the payment year through the payor with the procedure described in the Chapter 3.5.3 of this guidance.

If the error concerning the tax at source is noticed after the payment year has ended, the AI must correct the error directly to the Tax Administration with the procedure described in the Chapter 3.5.2 of this guidance. The tax reported in the annual information return must nevertheless always match the amount of tax withheld from the dividends. More information on correcting the annual information return is available in the Technical guidance on Authorised Intermediary’s annual information return. Over-withholding cannot be corrected after the payment year; instead, the beneficiary can apply for a refund of the excess tax withheld directly from the Tax Administration.

3.5.2 Under-withholding during the payment year

If the payor or the AI notices that tax at source has been under-withheld from dividends during the tax year, the error must be corrected in the manner required by Section 25, subsections 1 and 2 of the Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes. In practice, if the AI has reported an incorrect tax rate to the payor at the time of the payment, and therefore the payor has withheld a too small amount of tax at source from the dividend, the error must be corrected on own initiative.

In the correction situation, the payor has to correct the self-assessed tax return it has submitted and pay the missing amount of tax at source to the Tax Administration. The AI must provide the payor with the necessary information for correcting the tax, and submit to the Tax Administration the required identifying information on the dividend beneficiary and information on the correction made in its own annual information return after the end of the payment year. The corrected amount of tax and the amount of correction are reported in the annual information return of the AI that made the correction. The tax reported in the annual information return must be equal to the amount of tax withheld from the dividend. 

3.5.3 Over-withholding during the payment year (Quick Refund)

After the payment of the dividend, the withholding can be corrected in accordance with Section 25 of the Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes until the end of the year of the dividend payment if the amount of tax at source withheld proves to be too large. The correction can be performed only by the Finnish dividend payor. Therefore, the AI cannot apply for a refund during the payment year directly from the Tax Administration.

In the situation where the AI during the payment year and after the time of the payment receives reliable information according to which a lower tax rate can be withheld from the beneficiary, the AI can notify and request the payor of correcting the tax. The correction of tax at source is carried out as a self-correction for the payment year i.e. "quick refund" -procedure, with the dividend payor correcting the self-assessed tax return and the payment returned to the payor from the Tax Administration.

The AI submits the necessary details for correcting the tax to the payor. For corrections during the year of payment, the payor reports in euros to the Tax Administration the corrected amount of tax for the month of correction. The AI submits to the Tax Administration further details of the correction made after the payment year on its annual information return. The return includes the required identifying information on the dividend beneficiary as well as the corrected amounts of the dividend and tax, and the amount of the correction per dividend beneficiary.

3.5.4 Corrections after the payment year

An AI must correct on its own initiative any incorrect information in an annual information return it has submitted. The corrections must be made without undue delay.

If the AI becomes aware only after the payment year that tax at source was under-withheld from the dividends, the AI has to pay the previously unpaid tax at source to the Tax Administration. In this kind of a situation, the AI must notify the Tax Administration of the under-withheld tax at source. Tax Administration will impose the non-withheld tax on the AI, if the under-withholding was caused by the AI’s neglect. Also, in case the under-withholding was not caused by the AI's neglect the AI must notify Tax Administration of the error. Tax is then imposed to the income recipient.

If too much tax at source has been withheld, the dividend beneficiary can request that the excess tax at source withheld be refunded through the Tax Administration’s refund procedure. The payment recipient only has the right to request a tax at source refund regarding the tax that was withheld from them as tax at source. If tax is imposed on an AI after the payment year, the tax was not, as a rule, withheld from the payment recipient, and they cannot therefore request a tax at source refund.

4 Supervision of responsibilities

4.1 Supervision of registration

The Tax Administration supervises that the information given for the Register of Authorised Intermediaries is valid and that the intermediaries registered in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries fulfil the registration requirements. An intermediary will be removed from the register if the requirements are no longer fulfilled. At the same time, the Tax Administration monitors that the AI fulfils its responsibility to report any changes in its circumstances to the Tax Administration. 

The supervision of registration includes the monitoring of the AI’s errors and negligence also with respect to the AI’s other possible tax liabilities. Serious and essential negligence or repeated administrative errors may lead to removal from the register.

4.2 Monitoring of the correctness of annual information returns

The Tax Administration monitors the correctness of annual information returns through various comparisons. Technical validation of the annual information return takes place during the submitting of the annual information return, and its purpose is to reduce the number of requests for additional information. Various technical validations and comparisons have been implemented in the submitting process of the annual information return in order to ensure that the required information is submitted in the correct format and that the information is logical. Additionally, a check is made that the AI responsible for the information return is registered in the Tax Administration’s Register of Authorised Intermediaries. The information return must pass the validation checks before it can be submitted. 

After the submitting deadline of the information return, the Tax Administration checks that all AIs have submitted an annual information return and that the information returns contain as a minimum all the information required. The contents of the submitted annual information returns are monitored by means of various comparisons to verify the comprehensiveness and correctness of the submitted information returns. In the monitoring, the information returns submitted by an AI are, for instance, compared with the information returns submitted by the payor and other AIs, the taxes at source paid to the Tax Administration, and comparison data received from third parties. 

Furthermore, the Tax Administration monitors otherwise whether the information contents of the information return is correct, whether the information is logical, and whether the amount of tax at source collected is correct. The monitoring uses various logicality comparisons, such as whether the reported tax rate deviates from the rates of the tax treaty country. These comparisons help in the verification of the correctness of the information. The Tax Administration also uses risk-based comparisons of the information reported by the AI with other reference information obtained. 

The monitoring of the annual information returns is usually carried out during the year the annual information return was submitted, or during the two following years. For special reasons, additional explanations and information may be requested four to six years after the year of the dividend distribution. A request for explanation is sent to those with a reporting requirement concerning any issues detected during monitoring that require additional information for the verification of its correctness.

4.3 Audit

4.3.1 General information on audit

Provisions on an AI’s review and tax audit procedure are laid down in Sections 14, 23 and 23b of the Act on Assessment Procedure, Section 24 of the Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes, and Sections 2–4 of the Tax Procedure Decree (763/1998). The selection of subjects for tax audits is based on risk analysis. 

Tax audits have the purpose of monitoring the effect and functionality of the tax laws and to make possible suggestions on corrections to the legislation. For more detailed information on the tax audit procedure, see the Tax Administration guidance Good tax auditing practice.

The main purpose of the tax audit of an AI is to verify the correctness of the information reported on the annual information return, the correct withholding of tax at source, including the beneficiary’s right to the granted tax at source benefits, and the reasonable measures taken by those responsible for the tax when investigating and identifying the customer. The tax audit determines whether the AI has submitted correct and sufficient information to the Tax Administration and verifies the correctness of the amount of tax at source in situations, where the AI has granted tax at source benefits on dividends, the dividend payment information of which it has assumed responsibility for. The AI is given guidance and advice during the tax audit. If the taxation was based on incomplete or incorrect information, the taxation is corrected by the tax authority’s initiative. If the error is minor, the taxpayer may be prompted to correct the error themselves.

4.3.2 Scope of the audit

The tax audit is carried out with a purposeful scope. The audit may either check the right of dividend beneficiaries to the granted tax at source benefits with respect to individual dividend beneficiaries identified during a risk analysis, or be a more comprehensive audit using sufficient sampling size to verify the correctness and reliability of the AI’s procedures. A tax audit of an individual dividend beneficiary will be expanded, if errors and deficiencies in the AI’s procedures in general are found.

With respect to auditing foreign AIs, who operate in Finland only in the role of an AI, the audit will only concern the information and procedures related to the handling of the responsibilities of an AI.

With respect to AIs that are resident taxpayers in Finland or have a permanent establishment in Finland, the audit of the handling of the responsibilities of an AI can be carried out either as part of other tax auditing or as a partial audit that focuses only on compliance with the responsibilities and liabilities of an AI.

The audit always focuses on a purposeful period of time. The audit generally focuses on the one to three previous tax years, whilst under some special circumstances the audit can go as far back as six years. The statute of limitation for the imposing or adjustment of tax is described further in chapter 8.2.1.

An intermediary may be audited although it has been removed from the register. The tax liability of an AI applies to the dividends it has transferred while in the register, and of which it has assumed responsibility for forwarding the dividend payment information. With respect to such dividends, the AI is obligated to provide both the Tax Administration and the payor with the necessary information even after it has been removed from the register.

4.3.3 Progress of the audit

Agreeing on the audit and the audit location

Taxpayers are usually notified of a tax audit in advance. Before the audit, the Tax Administration contacts the AI and agrees on the time of the audit and the materials to be provided. When the starting time of the audit is agreed, the taxpayer’s wishes are taken into account when possible. Due to the nature of the operations and the audit itself, an audit of an AI does not usually take place on site; instead, the audit is carried out on the Tax Administration’s premises based on the requested materials. In exceptional situations, an audit of an AI may be carried out on customer premises; due to, for example, the wish of the taxpayer, or for some other special reason. International co-operation between authorities may also be involved in a tax audit.

Initial discussion

As a rule, the initial discussion is always arranged before the audit or in the beginning of the audit according to the AI’s wishes either face to face or, in international situations, by telephone. During the initial discussion, the objectives and progress of the tax audit are explained, and the audited periods, scope of the audit and estimated timetable are reviewed. 

The presented materials and its auditing

An AI must, at the request of the Tax Administration, provide and present for review based on the identifying information of a dividend transaction, beneficiary or payor the information it possesses of the mechanisms, procedures, documents and other information based on which it fulfilled the beneficiary investigation, identification, determination, verification and reporting responsibilities with respect to the dividend payment and beneficiaries for which it has assumed responsibility (the Act on Assessment Procedure, Section 23b). To the extent possible, the AI must participate in the investigation of all audit-related issues.

Before beginning the audit, the Tax Administration will send a request for information to the AI, identifying the materials requested for the audit, and giving a sufficient amount of time to collect the materials. The information is possible to be submitted to the Tax Administration electronically taking information security into account. The Tax Administration’s established information security guidelines and confidentiality regulations are followed in the processing and storage of the materials. For more information on this, see the customer guidance Data security and the processing of personal data at the Finnish Tax Administration.

The tax audit examines the information on which the dividend payments and the granting of tax at source benefits are based, as well as the related procedures. AIs must ensure that they are able to present the materials specified in Chapter 3.3. upon request.

The AI is typically requested to describe the tax at source procedures for the Finnish dividends for which it has assumed responsibility, such as the dividend beneficiary investigation and identification procedures, and to present the documents describing the procedure. Examples are requested for audit on a risk basis and/or through sampling in order to ensure that the information has been correctly reported, the amount of tax is correct, and the AI’s procedures are otherwise in compliance with the requirements. For this purpose, the information and documents collected and used for the Investor Self-Declaration procedure of named dividend beneficiaries to the required extent are requested. 

If the AI has assumed liability for the dividend payment information of a CI, the audit typically requests the AI to submit a procedure description by the CI of how it has investigated and identified the beneficiaries and their eligibility for tax treaty benefits.

If the AI has used a service provider when managing its responsibilities, including situations where the Investor Self-Declaration was collected and its reliability verified by a CI, the AI must ensure that it is able to present the same information for review upon request, as in a situation where it itself would possess the information.

An AI may prove the reliability of its reasonable measures and reporting procedures with reports drawn up by an Independent Reviewer as described in the TRACE Implementation Package (TRACE IP), pdf. These are taken into consideration in the assessment of the reliability of the AI’s procedures. As part of proving the reliability of its procedures, an AI may also present any other internal and external review reports that describe the reliability of the AI’s procedures.

The purpose is to resolve any issues coming up during the tax audit in as much detail as possible, already during the audit. An open dialogue between the parties facilitates this. If necessary, the Tax Administration may send requests for additional explanation after the tax audit, or request written explanations.

Final discussion

After the materials have been audited, a final discussion will be arranged with the taxpayer or their representatives always when it is purposeful and possible. The final discussion concentrates on the observations made during the audit, and decides on the resolving of unfinished issues and its schedule. The further audit actions and their estimated schedule are also explained during the final discussion. If necessary, the taxpayer is informed of the imposition of tax, tax adjustment, payment arrangement and relief procedures, and the possibility of appeal.

Tax audit report

A tax audit report is prepared of the completed tax audit, describing the issues detected during the audit that impact taxation, and stating the actions that will be taken due to them. The tax audit report is prepared after the taxpayer has given its explanations and required additional explanations. The report gives justifications for the decisions on tax adjustment, imposition of tax or refunded tax, and also gives guidance if necessary. Late-payment charges are also imposed on the tax, as well as a possible tax increase.

Actions after the tax audit

After the tax audit report has been completed, the taxpayer is reserved an opportunity to be heard before the taxation decisions are made. The taxpayer is always heard if actions will be taken as based on the tax audit report. The hearing period is two weeks at a minimum, and for justified reasons, an extension can be given for the submitting of a response. Once the tax audit has ended, the audited materials will be returned, or an agreement on the destruction of the materials is made.

5 Rights related to the responsibilities of an Authorised Intermediary

5.1 Authorised Intermediary’s customers’ rights to receive tax treaty benefits at source

An AI may apply the procedure described in Section 10b of the Tax at Source Act and beneficiaries who are its customers can be granted tax treaty benefits at source. The granting of tax treaty benefits requires that the AI has investigated and identified its customer and reports the beneficial owner information to the Tax Administration. An AI may also assume responsibility for the dividend payment information of the customers of a CI, if it verifies that the CI has properly investigated and identified the dividend beneficiaries.

The Tax Administration has issued a decision on the contents and period of validity of the Investor-Self Declaration, and the procedure with which its reliability is verified. The Tax Administration’s guidance The contents, period of validity and verifying the reliability of the Investor Self-Declaration outlines the reasonable measures for investigation and identification.

An AI can determine beneficiary and payment specifically whether the dividend provisions of an international treaty apply and whether treaty benefits are granted to its customer at source. An AI therefore has the right to not assume responsibility of dividend payment information. Tax treaty benefits do not need to be granted if the AI considers for example that it has not received sufficient information on the applicability of the tax treaty. An AI also has the possibility of correcting tax withholding during the dividend payment year, if necessary.

5.2 Reporting identity information on dividend beneficiaries directly to the Tax Administration

An AI can submit an annual information return on dividends directly to the Tax Administration, without having to deliver the information to the payor or the custody chain for forwarding. The information can be submitted after the dividend payment year with an annual information return based on the TRACE schema, reporting the information on the dividend beneficiaries and the transferred dividends. For more information on submitting the annual information return, see the Technical guidance on Authorised Intermediary’s annual information return.

5.3 Advice and guidance

An AI is entitled to advice and guidance from the Tax Administration. An AI or an intermediary considering registration may contact the Tax Administration with questions on registration, reporting or taxation at source by sending an email message to the address financialsector(a)vero.fi. The email will be answered as soon as possible.

The tax payer or the party liable to levy the tax may apply for a written advance ruling from the Tax Administration (Section 12a of the Tax at Source Act), if there is ambiguity in taxation at source. An advance ruling given by the Tax Administration states how the Tax Administration would act in assessment with respect to the tax matter in accordance with the advance ruling. An advance ruling binds the Tax Administration and brings legal certainty to the tax payor or the party liable to levy the tax in the matter in question.

An AI may apply for an advance ruling on tax at source, subject to a fee, as an agent on behalf of the taxpayer or the party liable to levy the tax. An advance ruling may be applied for the application of an international treaty in the withholding of tax at source, whether the tax at source needs to be withheld, or what provisions and regulations must otherwise be followed in the withholding of tax at source. The application for an advance ruling must be submitted before the tax at source should have been withheld. An advance ruling cannot be applied for matters related to registration into the Register of Authorised Intermediaries.

For guidance on how to apply for an advance ruling, see the Tax Administration’s guidance Applying for an advance ruling and the decision issued (Ennakkoratkaisuhakemuksen tekeminen ja siihen annettava päätös, only available in Finnish and Swedish).

6 Tax liability

6.1 Tax liability of an Authorised Intermediary

According to Section 10c(2) of the Tax at Source Act, if an AI has for the purpose of paying out dividend reported tax to be withheld from the dividend at a rate lower than the tax at source referred to in Section 7(2), the AI shall be liable for said tax, left unwithheld from the taxpayer due to erroneous reporting, as if it were its own tax. Consequently, the AI is then liable for the tax at source that was not withheld due to its negligence. 

The tax liability of an AI concerns situations in which it has submitted or forwarded the annual information return information on the dividends in question, of which less than 35 per cent tax at source was withheld, or it is otherwise shown that the tax at source has not been withheld due to the negligence or false reporting of the AI.

The AI must notify the payor or another AI those dividends for which it assumes responsibility for. An AI may choose whether it assumes tax liability of the tax at source for the dividends at the time of dividend payment or later during the payment year by notifying the payor or another AI of assuming tax liability as referred to in the Tax at Source Act for the dividends in question.    

An AI does not have tax liability, if the tax levied from a dividend paid to a non-resident is 35 per cent. When AI reports dividends and the 35% tax at source withheld from them on an annual information return, an AI indicates to the Tax Administration that it has not assumed tax liability for the dividends in question. Also in situations, where the tax levied is 30 per cent and the AI reports the identifying information of the dividend beneficiary in its knowledge to the Tax Administration on its annual information return, no under withholding occurs and therefore the AI does not have tax liability.

An AI can assume liability for dividends paid to a non-resident taxpayer, regardless of whether the lower tax at source is based on a tax treaty or national legislation. For more information about tax at source benefits based on national legislation and the requirements for applying them to the payment of dividends, see Withholding tax at source on dividends, interest and royalties, and the payor’s obligations.

An AI may not assume responsibility for the withholding of tax from the dividends of resident taxpayers in Finland. 

6.2 Tax liability when forwarding dividend payment information of another Authorised Intermediary

An AI is released from tax liability when another AI notifies it or the Tax Administration with its annual information return that it has assumed responsibility for this dividend payment information in the manner described in Chapter 6.3. In practice, the tax liability is therefore with the AI closest to the investor.

If an AI has forwarded information sent by another AI at the time of dividend payment, it will only be responsible for forwarding the information with the same content, and the AI closest to the dividend beneficiary is responsible for the contents of the information it has submitted to be forwarded. 

An AI must also verify that an intermediary that is submitting information through it is registered in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries at the time of the dividend payment. If tax-at-source benefits have been granted through payment year's quick refund procedure an AI has had to verify that the other custodian in chain whose information it has forwarded has been in the register of authorised intermediaries when it reports information for quick refund.  If the intermediary is not registered, the AI is deemed to have assumed responsibility for the dividend payment information in question; unless an AI closer to the beneficiary has indicated that it has assumed responsibility for said information. 

6.3 Release from liability

According to Section 10c(2) of the Tax at Source Act, an AI may be released from liability by:

1. proving that the liability has been transferred to another AI, or
2. proving that it has fulfilled its responsibilities to take reasonable measures and did not know or did not have reason to know that the dividend beneficiary provided incorrect and/or incomplete information.

In order to be released from liability, the AI must prove that the error was not due to its negligence.

An AI is not liable for tax at source left unwithheld if it proves that it has forwarded the information received from another AI for the payment of the dividend and withholding of tax at source with the same content to the next AI in the custody chain or the payor. An AI will not be released from tax liability by being removed from the Register of Authorised Intermediaries; it will be liable for the tax even after its removal from the register for the period it was registered.

According to the Government proposal, the AI must, if necessary, be able to present proof to the Tax Administration of having forwarded the information received from another AI with the same content. The Tax Administration will then continue determining which AI is responsible for the error along the chain. In addition to showing proof of forwarding the information, an AI may overturn the presumption of liability with some other proof of the failure to withhold tax at source not being caused by its negligence. In situations where the AI closest to the investor has not submitted an annual information return, thus declaring it assumes responsibility, the payor or another AI may indicate that the liability was transferred by a notification received at the time of the dividend payment from the AI closest to the investor (HE 282/2018 vp, p. 39).  

It is not necessary to provide the Tax Administration notifications given at the time of payment by another AI, unless separately requested by the Tax Administration. In practice, an AI may also have to prove to the Tax Administration that the liability was transferred to another AI, if the annual information returns of the AIs are in conflict with each other. The AI may then prove, by presenting a notification made to it by another AI at the time of payment or later, showing that the other AI has assumed responsibility for the dividend payment information in question, and is thus itself released from liability.

Tax legislation does not contain any format requirements for such a notification given by another AI, and the Tax Administration does not determine the procedure to be followed. Therefore, the parties can mutually agree upon the applicable procedure. Intermediaries can report the taking of responsibility by means of separate reports per dividend payment or agreements on custodial accounts. It is sufficient that the AI can show that another AI has assumed responsibility for the dividend payment information, including information about the distribution of dividends in question, and the total amounts of the dividends for which responsibility was assumed and the tax at source withheld from them. The Tax Administration can request information if the information provided on the AIs annual information returns are in conflict and it is unclear who is responsible for the error.

An AI is deemed to have used reasonable measures when it demonstrates that it has followed the procedure in accordance with the Tax Administration’s decision on the contents and period of validity of the Investor-Self Declaration, and the procedure with which its reliability is verified, as well as the Tax Administration’s guidance that instructs the decision.

In situations, where 30 per cent tax has been withheld from a dividend and the dividend beneficiary information has been reported in the annual information return, or 35 per cent tax has been withheld and the AI reports the dividends in the annual information return, the AI does not in practice have tax liability.   

An AI can also assume responsibility for dividends regarding which it acts as a beneficiary as laid down in Section 10c(2) of the Tax at Source Act. In this case, the AI will be in the role of an AI and a dividend beneficiary and it will not be released from liability in any under-withholding situation on the grounds that it would have acted diligently as an AI and any error would solely be caused by its neglect as dividend beneficiary. 

6.4 Tax liability and procedure in situations where the dividend beneficiary has given false information

The dividend beneficiary has tax liability if the tax at source was not collected due to a reason other than the negligence of the party responsible for withholding the tax (Section 16 of the Tax at Source Act). The tax liability is thus transferred from the AI to the dividend beneficiary if the AI proves that it has taken reasonable measures and the error is caused by the negligence of the beneficiary alone. On its part, the AI must facilitate the investigation of the matter so that the Tax Administration can take necessary actions required by law. It must provide the Tax Administration with access to information and documents related to the dividend payment, the beneficiary or otherwise to the transaction in its possession or in the possession of a service provider, with which it can show that reasonable measures were taken by the AI and the error was caused by the negligence of the dividend beneficiary alone.

In a situation where the AI notices that the dividend beneficiary has given, or the dividend beneficiary itself notices having given incorrect information to the AI, the AI may correct the error on behalf of the dividend beneficiary. If the AI is unable to correct the error on behalf of the dividend beneficiary, the AI must notify the Tax Administration without delay of the error and the dividend beneficiary who made the error.

In situations where the AI notices that the dividend beneficiary intentionally gave false information or otherwise acted fraudulently, the AI must notify the Tax Administration without undue delay and take other appropriate measures.  

6.5 Payor’s secondary tax liability

According to Section 10c(4) of the Tax at Source Act, tax at source that was not withheld will, in under-withholding situations, be imposed on the dividend payor and the AI responsible for the tax, in accordance to what is laid down in the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes concerning the imposition of tax on a taxpayer.

An AI that has assumed responsibility for dividends always has primary tax liability for taxes that were not withheld with respect to the dividend payor’s liability. However, the payor does have secondary tax liability for the dividends. In practice, this means that if the AI fails to pay tax imposed on it, the tax is also imposed on the payor as a separate liability as a precautionary measure. An official hearing of the payor will be conducted before imposing any tax.

Regardless of the tax being imposed on the payor as a precautionary measure, the collection of tax from the AI will continue. Once the AI has paid the tax imposed on it, the Tax Administration will return on its own initiative any taxes the dividend payor has paid. The same procedure is used when the grounds for the imposition of tax are otherwise eliminated; due to, for example, later information revealing that the tax was not under-withheld.

7 Contractual Intermediary and other service provider

The Tax at Source Act only lays down provisions on the responsibilities and rights of an AI. In Finland, taxpayers can use service providers to fulfil their responsibilities under tax legislation. An AI may thus also use third party service providers for the fulfilment of its statutory responsibilities.

According to Section 10b(3) of the Tax at Source Act, tax treaty benefits may be granted even if the intermediary closest to the dividend beneficiary is not registered in the Register of Authorised Intermediaries, if an AI has undertaken the dividend beneficiary’s information to be forwarded and verified that the dividend provisions of an international agreement can be applied to the dividend beneficiary. A CI can also on behalf of an AI investigate and identify the client and verify that tax treaty benefits can be granted to client. If an AI forwards dividend payment information provided by a Contractual Intermediary (CI), it is deemed to have assumed responsibility for the correctness of said information.

When an AI forwards dividend beneficiary information of a CI, it commits to being responsible for the dividend information in question and to submit an annual information return on them. The AI must then ensure that it has the required information, that the amount of tax withheld is correct, and that it receives all information required by the Tax Administration to determine the correctness of taxation. Not all of the aforementioned information has to be in the possession of the AI, but the AI must ensure that the information is available to itself and the Tax Administration when necessary.

CIs do not have any responsibilities under the Finnish Tax at Source Act; instead, their responsibilities and liabilities are based on a contract made with an AI or the payor. The tax legislation does not lay down provisions on what kind of agreements an AI should make with a CI for the fulfilment of its responsibilities under the tax legislation. An AI may thus decide itself how to ensure that its responsibilities are fulfilled in situations where, for example, the identification of the dividend beneficiary is done by a CI on its behalf. An AI may utilise the agreements in TRACE IP in these respects.

CIs may operate in the custody chain in the role of a service provider in any part of the custody chain, for example between two AIs, between an AI and the dividend beneficiary or between the payor and an AI. The AI must ensure that the dividend beneficiaries have been properly investigated and identified, the ISDs have been correctly collected, and that the CI has taken reasonable measures to determine the beneficiaries’ eligibility for tax at source benefits. For this reason, it is recommended that the AI has made appropriate agreements with its service providers.

In an under-withholding situation caused by a CI, the AI is liable for the tax not withheld for those dividends for which it has assumed liability for, as if the under-withholding concerned the AI’s own clients. Essential errors of a CI may result in removal from the register, if because of this an AI cannot fulfil its own responsibilities. If the AI can prove that it has been a question of error of a CI alone and it has taken proper measures as soon as it has noticed the error, removal from the register can be left undone.

8 Sanctions resulting from negligence

8.1 Presentation of evidence and hearing

If an AI neglects its responsibilities as described in this guidance, a sanction for negligence can be imposed on the AI. Before imposing the sanction, the AI is given the opportunity for an official hearing and to provide further information on the matter.

Section 8 of the Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes lays down provisions on the obligation to present evidence. According to subsection 1 of the provision, once a taxpayer has supplied the requested information, they must co-operate to the extent possible with the Tax Administration in order to resolve the issue. As a rule, evidence is expected from whichever party is in a better position to supply it. In this connection, the taxpayer refers to an AI and therefore the AI is usually responsible for presenting evidence in case of negligence.

Section 7 of the Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes lays down provisions on the hearing of the taxpayer. Before imposing tax to the detriment of a taxpayer, the Tax Administration must reserve an opportunity for the taxpayer to present an explanation if the assessment of the tax materially differs from the information provided by the taxpayer. If the Tax Administration adjusts a prior decision to the detriment of the taxpayer, the taxpayer is always reserved an opportunity to present evidence in the matter. In practice, the taxpayer is also always heard before the imposition of a tax increase or a penalty fee.

8.2 Tax sanctions

8.2.1 Imposition of tax

According to Section 10c(4) of the Tax at Source Act, tax at source that was not withheld will, in a situation where the AI under-withheld taxes, be ordered to be paid by the dividend payor and the AI responsible for the tax, in accordance to what is laid down in the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes concerning the imposition of tax on a taxpayer. An AI is also subject to the provisions on penalty fees, as well as the payment and appeal procedure of tax imposed by the Tax Administration, as laid down in the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes. 

Taxes at source that were not withheld are imposed under Section 40 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes if the amount of tax was under-reported or the payable amount was too small for another reason. According to the provision, a decision already made can be adjusted to the detriment of the taxpayer.

Under Section 31(1) of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes, the Tax Administration can adjust a prior decision to the benefit of a taxpayer in situations where it has noticed that the taxes assessed were incorrectly too high.

The tax must be imposed or the decision adjusted within three years of the beginning of the tax year following the dividend distribution (Sections 4 and 44 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes). According to Section 45 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes, the Tax Administration may extend the decreed deadline for the imposition or adjustment of the tax to the detriment of the taxpayer by one year if:

1. the control measure began exceptionally late based on information provided by another authority or obtained from elsewhere, or requires co-operation with other authorities;
2. the taxpayer submitted a report or other explanation on the matter exceptionally late or the taxpayer subject to the control measure causes substantial difficulty to performing the control measure.

Insofar as the imposition or adjustment of tax was based on information affecting the taxpayer’s taxation that was received through international exchange of information, other than automatic, tax may be assessed or the decision adjusted within six years of the beginning of the tax year following the dividend payment under Section 46 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes.

The general rules of procedure on imposition of tax are applied to AIs. According to Section 37 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes, the Tax Administration imposes a tax increase to the taxpayer, if tax has not been withheld within the statutory time. Additionally, penalty interest is calculated for the tax in accordance with the Tax Collection Act (11/2018) and the Act on Surtax and Penalty Interest (1556/1995).

In connection with the imposition of tax, penalty interest is imposed in accordance with Section 5a of the Act on Surtax and Penalty Interest. The penalty interest is the reference rate, as referred to in Section 12 of the Interest Rate Act, for the biannual period preceding each calendar year, plus seven percentage points. The tax, tax increase, penalty fee and late fee must be paid no later than on the common due date specified in the decision (Section 34 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes).

8.2.2 Tax increase

The Tax Administration will impose a tax increase on the taxpayer according to Section 37(1) of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes if:

1. the tax return or some other report or other statutory information or clarification has been submitted with deficiencies or errors, or not submitted at all or;
2. preliminary withholding tax or tax at source has not been withheld within the statutory time.

Deficiency means that information affecting taxation is missing from the tax return for self-assessed taxes or from another report submitted by the taxpayer, or that tax has not been reported at all in some respects.

In practice, a tax increase can therefore be imposed on an AI as per item 2 in situations where tax at source not withheld due to its negligence is imposed on it by a decision of the Tax Administration.

Section 38 of the Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes lays down provisions on the amount of the tax increase. According to subsection 1, the tax increase is generally 10 per cent of the tax imposed to the detriment of the taxpayer. The tax increase is calculated according to the main rule laid down in subsection 1, except in the case of an exceptional situation as referred to in subsection 2.

According to subsection 2 of the provision, the tax increase is, however, no less than 15 per cent and no more than 50 per cent of the tax imposed to the detriment of the taxpayer, if:

1. the negligence referred to in Section 37 is repeated; or
2. the taxpayer’s actions show obvious disregard of taxation obligations.

The Tax Administration will determine the amount of the tax increase based on case-specific circumstances. In the case of an ambiguous or unclear issue in the manner referred to in Section 6, or a tax increase in accordance with subsection 1 would be unreasonable for some other special reason, the tax increase is 3 per cent of the tax imposed to the detriment of the taxpayer, in accordance with subsection 4.

Additionally, penalty interest is calculated for the tax in accordance with the Tax Collection Act and the Act on Surtax and Penalty Interest. 

According to Section 37(2) of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes, the tax increase may be waived if the negligence is minor or there is a valid reason for the negligence. A tax increase can also be left non-imposed in a situation where a tax increase of 3 per cent would be imposed in the situation referred to in Section 38(4), but imposing it would be unreasonable considering the circumstances. The assessment of whether a specific case of negligence is minor or not is based on a euro amount.

8.3 Penalty fee for neglecting the requirement to report information

Neglecting the obligation to submit an annual information return may result in a penalty fee under Section 22a of the Act on Assessment Procedure, which applies to the neglect of an AI’s general (Section 15e) and special requirement to report information (Section 23b).

In practice, a penalty fee is imposed on an AI in a situation where the annual information return is submitted late or not submitted at all, or the information return contains deficiencies or errors. A penalty fee may not be imposed for such minor errors that are corrected on AIs own initiative or on Tax Administration’s request. Such errors include e.g. typographical errors and minor errors in the beneficiary information.  

The amount of the penalty fee is determined according to the severity of the negligence. The penalty fee is imposed in even hundreds of euros, i.e. the smallest imposed fee is EUR 100. The penalty fee is imposed on the initiative of the authority, and the AI is always heard first before the fee is imposed.

A penalty fee of no more than EUR 2 000 may be imposed on a party with the requirement to report information, if

1. the report, other information or document submitted in order to fulfil the requirement to report information has a minor deficiency or error, and the party with the requirement to report information has not complied with a demonstrably sent request to correct it;
2. the party with requirement to report information has, with no valid reason, submitted a report, information or document late; or
3. the party with requirement to report information has submitted the information in a manner different than decreed by law or ordered by the Tax Administration.

If the party with requirement to report information has submitted an annual information return, other information or document with material deficiencies or errors, or submitted them only after a provably sent request, a penalty fee of no more than EUR 5 000 may be imposed on the party with the requirement to report information.

If the party with requirement to report information has intentionally or due to gross negligence submitted an essentially false annual information return, other information or document, or has not submitted an information return at all, a penalty fee of no more than EUR 15 000 may be imposed on the party with the requirement to report information.

When the penalty fee is imposed, the amount of information the party with requirement to report information must submit is also taken into consideration. If an AI has not submitted an annual information return, the amount of dividends transferred to an AI will be taken into account in determining the amount of the penalty fee. The Tax Administration publishes annually a guidance on the penalty fee of a third party information provider. For more information about the penalty fee, see Negligence penalty charge for a third-party submitter of information.

Penalty interest is collected from an imposed and overdue penalty fee in accordance with Section 5a of the Act on Surtax and Penalty Interest. The penalty interest is calculated from the day following the set due date until the payment date of the penalty fee.

9 Appeal procedure

9.1 Claim for adjustment

An AI may claim for an adjustment of a decision subject to appeal issued by the Tax Administration. In practice, an AI may claim for an adjustment of decisions by the Tax Administration concerning

• registration or removal from the register (Tax at Source Act, Section 10d)
• requirement to report information (the Act on Assessment Procedure, Sections 15e, 23 b and 19)
• penalty fee (the Act on Assessment Procedure, Section 22)
• tax imposition (the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes, Section 40), and
• tax increase (the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes, Section 37).

An AI and the Tax Recipients’ Legal Service Unit may claim for adjustment of a decision concerning entry into or removal from the Register of Authorised Intermediaries referred to in Section 10d of the Act on the Taxation of Non-residents’ Income (Section 65a(6)(3) of the Act on Assessment Procedure).

Under Section 65a(7) of the Act on Assessment Procedure, an AI may claim for an adjustment of a decision by the Tax Administration concerning the requirement to report information laid down in Sections 15e, 23b and 19 of the Act on Assessment Procedure, or the penalty fee decreed for its neglect. The Tax Recipients’ Legal Service Unit may also claim for an adjustment of a decision by the Tax Administration concerning a penalty fee referred to in Section 22a.

Based on the Section 59 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes, as a party liable for the tax, an AI may claim for an adjustment of a tax imposition decision made under Section 40 of the Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed Taxes. The Tax Recipients’ Legal Service Unit has the right to claim for adjustment on behalf of a tax recipient.

The claim for adjustment must be lodged with the Adjustment Board. However, the Tax Administration may make a decision in the matter insofar as the claim made is approved, if the applicant is a party other than the Tax Recipients’ Legal Service Unit. The claim for adjustment can be submitted, for example, in the MyTax service. The claim for adjustment is made with a free-form written account.

The AI must comply with the Tax Administration’s decision regardless of the claim for adjustment until the AI has been informed of the decision issued concerning the claim for adjustment. The tax, tax increase and late-filing penalty has to be paid regardless of an appeal. An appellant may however request for prohibition or interruption of enforced recovery in pursuance of the claim for adjustment. The adjustment authority, for example the Adjustment Board, that considers the claim for adjustment concerning taxation, must prohibit the distraint of receivable, unless it is obvious that the claim for adjustment has no grounds (the Act on the Enforcement of Taxes and Public Payments 706/2007, Section 12).

A claim for adjustment of a decision on the imposition of tax must be made within three years from the beginning of the calendar year following the tax year. Claim for adjustment can nevertheless always be made within 60 days of the appellant receiving notice of the decision of the Tax Administration. The claim for adjustment must be delivered to the Tax Administration within the deadline. Claims for adjustment are not allowed if the matter has been resolved with a decision issued on an appeal. The claim for adjustment must be processed by the Tax Administration or the Adjustment Board without undue delay.

9.2 Appeals in courts

An AI and the Tax Recipients’ Legal Service Unit may appeal a decision made by the Tax Administration due to a claim for adjustment by lodging an appeal with the Administrative Court. The appeal is lodged with the Administrative Court with jurisdiction over the domicile of the AI at the time the decision was made. If the AI has no municipality of residence in Finland, or for other reasons none of the Administrative Courts are competent to process the appeal, the appeal is lodged with the Helsinki Administrative Court. (Act on Assessment Procedure, Section 66, and Act on Assessment Procedure of Self-assessed, Section 64)

The appeal must be lodged within 60 days of being notified of the decision given on a claim for adjustment.

The decision of the Administrative Court may be appealed only if the Supreme Administrative Court grants leave to appeal. The appeal must be lodged within 60 days of being notified of the decision of the Administrative Court as per Section 71 of the Act on Assessment Procedure and Section 67 of the Act on Assessment Procedure for Self-assessed Taxes. Appeals to the Administrative and Supreme Administrative Courts may be subject to a charge.

Regardless of an appeal, the taxpayer and other party liable for tax are obligated to pay the imposed tax, any related penalty sanctions, and other sanctions.